Fig. 5. Changes in gross nitrification rates (± standard error [SE]) and N₂O-emission rates (±SE) resulting from simulated precipitation (0–5 mm) and increased water-filled pore space (WFPS) (%) for intact soil cores (N = 3) taken from the different field sites. Precipitation was applied in 1-mm steps. Values for gross nitrification rates and N₂O-emissions marked with the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.10). NA represents not available.