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Fragipan Horizons in New York Soils: III. The Basis of Rigidity¹

ABSTRACT

Four fragipan horizons from Orange County, New York soils were studied to determine what materials or mechanisms are responsible for the strength of fragipans. Very fine-grained material apparently holding the sand and silt particles together was identified as illite by optical and X-ray diffraction methods. Experiments based on selective removal and destruction of possible bonding materials indicate that illite is responsible for a major part of the strength of the more typical fragipans studied, and that both illite and colloidal silica are involved in the strength of an extreme pan. Comparison of the strength of artificial briquets and natural clods further indicated that an important part of the strength of the pans studied is due to illite. It was shown that fragipans typically have high bulk density. The effectiveness of illite as a binding material in fragipans may be due to high bulk density, lack of effective structure, and special distribution of the clay.

¹ A Contribution of the Department of Agronomy, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., as Agronomy Paper No. 421. This paper includes part of a thesis submitted to Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. The author gratefully acknowledges the help of Marlin G. Cline. Presented before Div. V, Soil Science Society of America, Aug. 16, 1955, Davis, Calif.

² Assistant Soil Scientist, Oregon State College.

Received for publication August 12, 1955. Accepted for publication March 1, 1957.

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