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Movement of Water as Effected by Free Energy and Pressure Gradients: I. Application of Classic Equations for Viscous and Diffusive Movements to the Liquid Phase in Finely Porous Media¹

ABSTRACT

The macroscopically observed laws of viscous and diffusive flows were extrapolated to flow of water in thin films in porous media. Correction factors were developed to account for the effects of the diffuse layer of adsorbed cations and greater viscosity of water near particle surfaces. Equations for the two types of flow are combined to give a relationship from which molar free energy gradients can be evaluated in comparison with pressure gradients, as to their abilities to move water.

¹ Contribution from Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA, and the Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta. cooperating. Authorized for publication as Colorado Agr. Exp. Sta. Sci. J. Series No. 659. Portions of this work were supported by funds from Regional Project W-68 and Petroleum Research Corporation of Denver.

² Soil Scientist, Western Soil and Water Management Research Branch, ARS, USDA, and Associate Professor (Agronomy), Colorado State University, Ft. Collins.

Received for publication August 19, 1960. Accepted for publication December 30, 1960.