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ABSTRACT
The ecosystem is a piece of landscape having artificial boundaries. Changes in ecosystem properties are viewed as gains minus losses or influxes minus outfluxes of matter and energy. The fluxes are expressed as products of gradients and permeation. The outside potentials of the flux gradients are identified with the environmental soil-forming factors, particularly climate and biotic factor. Pedogenic functions as now rewritten offer psychological and typographical advantages.
1 Contribution from the University of California, Berkeley. The ideas contained in this paper were presented at a seminar-symposium on soil genesis and classification at Berkeley, Calif. The author acknowledges stimulating and critical comments by his colleagues K. Babcock, I. Barshad, M. M. Elgabaly, and R. Overstreet.
2 Professor of Soil Chemistry and Morphology, University of California, Berkeley.
Received for publication November 22, 1960. Accepted for publication February 10, 1961.
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