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Microbially Induced Phytotoxicity in Stubble-Mulched Soil¹

ABSTRACT

Incubations of subtilled soil amended with wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) caused the development of a phytotoxic soil. Studies of the toxic soil and wheat residues revealed increased Penicillium urticae Bainier numbers and formation of patulin, a potent phytotoxic substance. Microbial activity, as measured by plate counts and O₂ consumption, increased as phytotoxicity increased. Inoculation of incubated, amended, non-sterile subtilled soil with P. urticae B. caused the greatest proliferation of the fungus and patulin formation at the time intervals corresponding to highest phytotoxicity. The plant symptoms and the inhibition of Trichoderma sp. during incubations of the subtilled soil were indications of patulin formation. Associated microorganisms during incubation of subtilled soil amended with wheat straw quite likely caused the development of a substrate favorable to P. urticae B. growth and patulin formation.

¹ Contribution from the Northern Plains Branch, Soil & Water Conservation Research Division, USDA, in cooperation with the Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta., Lincoln. Published as Paper no. 2085, Journal Series, Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta.

² Chemist, USDA, now Soil Scientist, Grand Junction, Colo.; and Microbiologist, USDA, Lincoln, Nebr., respectively.

Received for publication July 13, 1967. Accepted for publication October 20, 1967.