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Movement of Water and Salt through a Clay-Water System: Experimental Verification of Onsager Reciprocal Relation¹

ABSTRACT

Equations that describe the movement of solution and salt through a soil system in which there are both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients are presented. These equations are: J_V = – L_P P + L_PD , J_D = L_DP P – L_D , and J_S/C_S = (–L_P + L_DP) P + (–L_D + L_PD) where J_V is the flux of solution, J_D the difference in velocity between water and salt, J_S is flux of salt, P is pressure, is osmotic pressure, C_S is the average solute concentration, and L is phenomenological coefficients. The Onsager reciprocal relation states that L_PD = L_DP. This relation was found to be valid for a clay-water-salt system.

Contribution from Colorado State University and Northern Plains Branch, SWC, ARS, USDA. Research supported in part by the Office of Water Resources Research, Department of Interior. Scientific Series 1244.

² Professor of Soil Physics, University of California, Riverside; Professor of Soils, Colorado State University and Research Soil Scientist, USDA, Fort Collins, Colo.

Received for publication May 27, 1968. Accepted for publication June 11, 1968.