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Failure Sequence of Gully Headwalls in Western Iowa¹

ABSTRACT

A characterization of the failure sequence of gully headwalls and banks is necessary to predict gully erosion rates and to develop controls. A model is given for the sequential nature of gully growth in the thick loessial area of western Iowa. The failure sequence includes a popout or alcove failure near the toe of a near-vertical wall, columnar sloughing of the overhanging material, and finally the transport of the eroded material downstream. The initiating failure at the base of the wall is a result of weakening of the soil material by wetting. The gully bank failure sequence and geometry in the western Iowa loess region is compared to gully erosion studies in the glacial drift region of northwestern Missouri and in the Piedmont of South Carolina.

¹ Contribution from the North Central Region, ARS USDA in cooperation with the Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn., Columbia, Mo. J. Ser. no. 7732.

² Soil Scientist, USDA-ARS and Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia; Hydraulic Engineer, USDA-ARS, Columbia, Missouri; and Agricultural Engineer, USDA-ARS, Council Bluffs, Iowa, respectively.

Received for publication March 29, 1977. Accepted for publication January 6, 1978.

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