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Organic Compound Effects on Swelling and Flocculation of Upton Montmorillonite¹

ABSTRACT

The swelling and shrinking and flocculation and deflocculation of clays is of fundamental importance in the transport of solutes through a porous medium because these processes affect the permeability of the medium. Since organic solutes frequently occur in toxic wastes, we conducted an investigation of the effect of eight soluble organic compounds, representing different kinds of structures and functional groups, on the swelling and flocculation of sodium saturated Upton montmorillonite. These compounds were ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, phenol, urea, benzamide, ethylamine hydrochloride, acetic acid, and sodium acetate. In general, we found that increases in the concentration of the compounds that ionize in water decreased swelling and increased flocculation to a greater extent than those that remained un-ionized, i.e., electrically neutral. However, 1,4-dioxane was exceptional in that, despite its electrical neutrality, it reduced swelling and increased flocculation significantly. Possible reasons for the effects of the different compounds on swelling and flocculation were advanced.

¹ Contribution from the Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., Journal Paper no. 11 001. Research supported by the Ecological Research Div., Office of Health and Environmental Res., U.S. Dep. of Energy under grant DE-FG02-85ER60310. Support for S. Chen was also obtained from the Purdue Univ. Water Resources Research Center.

² Visiting Scholar, Professor of Soil Chemistry, Professor of Soil Physics, and Professor of Soil Mineralogy, respectively, Dep. of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907.

Received for publication January 29, 1987.