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DIVISION S-4—SOIL FERTILITY & PLANT NUTRITION

Organic Phosphorus Composition and Potential Bioavailability in Semi-Arid Arable Soils of the Western United States

^a USDA–ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab., 3793 N. 3600 E., Kimberly, ID 83341
^b Dep. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305

^* Corresponding author (bturner{at}nwisrl.ars.usda.gov)

The organic P composition of semi-arid arable soils is largely unknown, but such information is fundamental to understanding P dynamics in irrigated agriculture. We used solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and phosphatase hydrolysis to characterize organic P in semi-arid arable soils from the western USA (organic C 2.0–30.7 g C kg^-1 soil, clay 2–48%, pH 5.2–8.2, CaCO₃ <1–480 g kg^-1 soil). Total P concentrations ranged from 220 to 1210 mg P kg^-1 soil, of which between 12 and 45% was extracted with NaOH–EDTA. Inorganic orthophosphate was the dominant P compound, but concentrations determined by solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy were consistently greater than those determined by molybdate colorimetry. Concentrations of organic P were relatively small, and were dominated by orthophosphate monoesters (11–130 mg P kg^-1 soil), with smaller concentrations of orthophosphate diesters (0–7 mg P kg^-1 soil). Pyrophosphate was present in almost all soils at concentrations up to 14 mg P kg^-1 soil. Bicarbonate-extractable organic P ranged from 1.7 to 22.8 mg P kg^-1 soil, of which between 37 and 87% was hydrolyzed by phosphatase enzymes, suggesting its bioavailability. Soil organic P concentrations were positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, organic C, clay, and oxalate-extractable metals (Al, Fe, Mn), and negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and soil pH. However, CaCO₃ concentrations were not significantly correlated with any soil property. These results indicate that equilibrium levels of organic P in semi-arid arable soils are controlled by a balance between the physical protection offered by the soil matrix and the suitability of the environment for biological productivity.

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