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Discrimination of Soil Phases by Dual Energy X-ray Tomography

^a Center for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Muencheberg, Germany
^b Scottish Crop Research Institute, Unit of Integrative Bioscience, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA, UK

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1 The scheme of dividing the reference cube into voxels of different sizes

View larger version (346K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Representative x-ray images from the core of (a) Ck1 horizon and (b) Ck2 horizon

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3 Internal (WMSD) and external (DH) heterogeneity vs. voxel size: a comparison between the soil samples from the Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (83K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of Hounsfield units within a selected vertical slice of a Ck1 soil core sample compared for 80 and 120 kV energy level at 1-mm voxel edge length

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 Relationship between Hounsfield units at 80 kV and 120 kV from the selected vertical slice of a Ck1 soil core sample at 1-mm voxel edge length

View larger version (84K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of soil bulk density and relative water volume within a selected vertical slice of a Ck1 soil core sample at 1-mm voxel edge length

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7 Frequency of air volume classes for various voxel edge lengths in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8 Characterization of multi-phase composition for voxels with edge length of 1 mm from cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons in comparison to reference cube

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9 Frequency of water volume classes for the smallest voxels and pixels from selected horizontal slices in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10 Frequency of air volume classes for the smallest voxels and pixels from selected horizontal slices in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11 Frequency of solid volume classes for the smallest voxels and pixels from selected horizontal slices in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12 Frequency of gravimetric water content classes for various voxel edge lengths in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13 Gravimetric water content vs. dry bulk density for voxels with 1-mm edge length from cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons in comparison to reference cube

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 14 Frequency of dry bulk density classes for various voxel edge lengths in the cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 15 Percentage error in soil bulk density determination by assuming unique water content vs. calculated soil bulk density from dual energy scanning (BDDES) for voxels with 2-mm edge length from cores of Ck1 and Ck2 horizons in comparison to reference cube. BDG, soil bulk density determined gravimetrically