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Dye Tracing and Image Analysis for Quantifying Water Infiltration into Frozen Soils

ETH Zürich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Grabenstrasse 3, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland

View larger version (70K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Set-up of the cold chamber experiment with the packed sand columns. In the case of the undisturbed soil monolith, the polyvinylchloride column walls were replaced by 2.5-cm-thick paraffin layers and 2-cm-thick wooden plates. All distances are given in centimeters

View larger version (112K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Geometrically and color-normalized images of the packed sand profiles at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm from the wall: dry sand (DS, top), and wet sand (WS, bottom). Small samples were taken from the locations indicated by squares

View larger version (88K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3 Geometrically and color-normalized images (left), and Brilliant Blue concentration maps determined by image analysis (right) of the profiles 10, 8, and 6 cm from the wall of the soil monolith. Pixel size is 1 by 1 mm. Small samples were taken from the locations indicated by squares

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4 Temperatures (°C) measured in the chamber, in the dry and the wet packed sand column

View larger version (113K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 Brilliant Blue concentration maps determined by image analysis for three profile-sections of the dry sand (DS, top), and wet sand (WS, bottom) at 5 cm (left), 7.5 cm (middle), and 10 cm (right) from the wall. Pixel size is 0.5 by 0.5 mm. The arrows indicate misinterpreted areas that probably had the highest concentrations but were classified as medium concentrations

View larger version (57K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6 Vertically (top) and horizontally averaged (bottom) relative Brilliant Blue and Azophloxine concentration distributions of the profiles at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm distance from the wall in the dry sand (DS) and wet sand (WS) columns obtained from the concentration maps (Fig. 5 for Brilliant Blue). Vertical concentration distributions obtained from horizontal sections taken at 0 to 5 cm from the wall are also shown

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7 Temperatures (°C) measured in the chamber and the soil monolith

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8 Vertically (top) and horizontally averaged (bottom) relative Brilliant Blue concentration distributions of the profiles at 10, 8, and 6 cm from the wall of the soil monolith obtained from the concentration maps of Fig. 3. The vertical concentration distributions of Brilliant Blue and bromide obtained from horizontal sections taken at 6 to 10 cm from the wall are also shown

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9 Concentration map of Brilliant Sulfaflavine determined by fluorescence imaging (left) and vertical relative Brilliant Sulfaflavine concentration distribution in the soil monolith horizontally averaged over the profile-section taken at 10 cm from the wall (right). The vertical concentration distributions of Brilliant Sulfaflavine and bromide obtained from the horizontal sections taken at 6 to 10 cm from the wall are also given