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Who Invented the Tensiometer?

Department of Plants, Soils and Biometeorology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820

View larger version (90K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Modern tensiometer designs

View larger version (59K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Richards' (1928) tensiometer design. (b) Haines' (1927) design attributed to Livingston (1918)

View larger version (79K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Livingston's (1908)(1918) auto-irrigator for maintaining constant matric potential in potted plant root zone. (b) Tensiometer–osmometer designed by Pulling and Livingston (1915) to measure the "water supplying power of the soil." (Notation of original figure was enhanced for clarity)

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. A hanging column for measuring soil capillary potential (Lynde and Dupre, 1913; original figure was redrawn for clarity)