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Visualizing Preferential Flow Paths using Ammonium Carbonate and a pH Indicator

^a Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521
^b Dep. of Land, Air, and Water Resources, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616

View larger version (80K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dye and ammonium carbonate infiltration into two initially dry soils. Pictures (a), (b), (c) show wetting front propagation in the Hanford sandy loam; (d), (e), (f) show the process in the Delhi sand. Pictures (c) and (f) show that the wetted but unstained areas by the blue dye became red after application of the proposed pH indicator.

View larger version (67K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Visualized preferential flow in the field using (NH4)2CO3 and a pH indicator. Pictures (a), (b), (c) show a section of the three-dimensional preferential flow plumes in the Hanford sandy loam 48 h after the end of infiltration. Pictures (d), (e), and (f) show a plume section in the Delhi sand 64 h after the end of infiltration. Preferential flow was not visible in (a) and (d). However, after application of the pH indicator, fingered flow patterns emerged as shown in pictures (b) and (e). Pictures (c) and (f) are computer enhanced pictures of (b) and (e), respectively.

View larger version (78K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Flow patterns captured by the camera 30 min after the end of infiltration in (a) the Hanford sandy loam and (b) the Delhi sand. The corresponding Br concentration contour maps in mg L-1 are shown in (c) and (d), respectively.