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Horizontal and Vertical TDR Measurements of Soil Water Content and Electrical Conductivity

^a Soil and Water Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, State of Israel, POB 6 Bet Dagan, Israel, 50250
^b Environmental group, HortResearch, Private bag 11-030 Palmerston North, New Zealand

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Changes in volumetric water content with time of Manwatu soil monitored by horizontally (shallow: 0.025 m, middle: 0.075 m, and deep: 0.125 m) and vertically (average of two) installed TDR probes during wetting with a 1 dS m-1 CaCl2 solution (see text).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Cumulative water manually added, and calculated from measurements by vertically and horizontally installed TDR probes.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Changes in bulk soil electrical conductivity (a) with time of Manwatu soil monitored by horizontally (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m) and vertically (average of two) installed TDR probes during wetting with a 3 dS m-1 CaCl2 solution (see text).

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Changes in bulk soil electical conductivity (a) with time of Manwatu soil monitored by horizontally (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m) and verically (average of two) installed TDR probes during wetting with a distilled water (see text).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. A comparison between actually measured vert, (average of two) and average of values from the three horizontal probes. Wetting solutions were (A) distilled water and (B) 2.1 dS m-1.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (A) Changes in average of volumetric water content monitored by horizontally (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m) and vertically (average of two) installed TDR probes during wetting with a 5.9 dS m-1 CaCl2 solution (see text). (B) Changes in average of volumetric water content calculated according to a numerical model (see text) assuming three horizontal installed TDR probes (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m, ) and two vertical probes () monitored during 30 d.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Changes in average of volumetric water content calculated according to a numerical model (see text) assuming three horizontal installed TDR probes (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m, ) and two vertical probes () monitored during 30 d, assuming width of sampled soil layer is 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, or 0.04 m.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. A comparison between average measured electical conductivity of bulk soil (a) (two vertical TDR probes) and calculated a assuming the three horizontal probes follow either a resistors-in-parallel or in-series model.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Changes in salinity of the soil soltion (w) of Manwatu soil with time monitored by horizontally (0.025, 0.075, and 0.125 m) and two verically installed TDR probes during wetting with distilled water (see text).