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Use of Bulk Density Profiles from X-Radiography to Examine Structural Crust Models

^a UMR Environnement et Grandes Cultures, INA P-G/INRA, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
^b CSIRO Land and Water, Pye Laboratory, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
^c The Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, A.R.O., P.O.B. 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Models of bulk density profiles of soil surface crusts: McIntyre (1958), Bresson and Boiffin (1990), Mualem and Assouline (1989), and Roth (1997).

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Representation of the isodepth lines used for generation of depth functions: below the crust surface (plain line), the lines are equidistant for a few depth increments, and then the roughness is progressively smoothed with depth. Each tenth line is shown (dotted lines).

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Bulk density images and depth distributions of the slaking crust. (a) bulk density image, (b) measured data, with the Mualem–Assouline (exponential) crusting model (plain line), the Roth (sigmoidal) crusting model (bold line) and the slumping model (dotted line), (c) data after correction for the slumping effect, with the exponential (plain line) and sigmoidal (bold line) crusting models, (d) measured data, with the combination of the slumping and the crusting models (exponential, plain line, and sigmoidal, bold line).

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Bulk density images and depth distributions of the infilling crust. (a) bulk density image, (b) measured data, with the combined slumping-crusting exponential (plain line) and combined slumping-crusting sigmoidal (bold line) models.

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Bulk density images and depth distributions of the coalescing crust. (a) bulk density image, (b) measured data, with the combined slumping-crusting sigmoidal model (bold line).