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Application and Evaluation of the SWAP Model for Simulating Water and Solute Transport in a Cracking Clay Soil

Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento ITAF–Sezione Idraulica, Viale delle Scienze, 13 90128 Palermo, Italy

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Shrinkage characteristic obtained for Ap horizon of Baglio1 profile. The continuous line represents the Kim model fitted to the measured (u, e) values.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Water retention curves (a) obtained by the parameter estimation method using the van Genuchten–Mualem (VGM) () and Brutsaert-Gardner (B-G) (__) models including the SCIM measurements in the optimization procedure and fixing the ksat; and using the VGM model (---) but not including the suction crust infiltometer method (SCIM) measurements in the optimization procedure and estimating the ksat. wp is the water content independently measured at h = –15300 cm. Hydraulic conductivity functions (b obtained from the parameter estimation method using the VGM () and B-G (__) model including the SCIM measurements in the optimization procedure and fixing the ksat; and using the VGM model but (---) not including the SCIM measurements in the optimization procedure and estimating ksat.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Daily volumetric water content, , predicted by soil-water-atmosphere-plant environment (SWAP) at (a) 30 cm and at (b) 45 cm using the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) and the Brutsert-Gardner (B-G) parameters.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Daily volumetric water content, , predicted by soil-water-atmosphere-plant environment (SWAP) at 30 cm using the B-G parameters; crack volume at 30 cm as percentage of volume at saturation, Vcr/V.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Daily water storage in cracks and cumulative flux from cracks to matrix vs. time

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Daily electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract, ECsat, predicted at (a) 30 cm and at (b) 45 cm using the Brutsert-Gardner (B-G) parameters at different values of the dispersivity, Ldis.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Root Mean Squared Residual, RMSRECsat, associated with the predicted electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract, ECsat, vs. dispersivity, Ldis. RMSRECsat refers to all the measurements collected at 30 and 45 cm.