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Characterizing the Two-Dimensional Thermal Conductivity Distribution in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer

^a Dep. of Earth Sciences, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
^b Dep. of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3A7

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Site location map.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Box-whisker plot of the measured thermal conductivity for the solid fraction of porous media grouped by stratigraphic unit. The caps at the end of each box indicate the minimum and maximum values, the box is defined by the lower and upper quartiles (25th and 75th percentiles), and the line in the center of the box is the median. No outliers were present in the data.

View larger version (90K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Two-dimensional volumetric water content tomogram for the saturated zone, calculated from the interwell velocity tomogram and the Burggeman–Hanai–Sen mixing formula (Sen et al., 1981; Feng and Sen, 1985). The white Xs indicate the transmitter and receiver station locations. (b) Measured water content () variation vs. depth between the two boreholes on the right side of the section. In the saturated zone, the water content is equal to the porosity (). Above the water table, the porosity was measured in the laboratory on cores collected during drilling. The locations and measured values of the porosity are indicated by filled circles.

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Geological cross-section of the area over which the GPR (ground-penetrating radar) survey was completed. The three major stratigraphic units shown are gravel and sand, sand, and till. The vertical lines are the locations of the boreholes where core samples were collected during drilling and where the crosshole GPR survey was conducted. The unsaturated zone is 1.5 m thick. (b) Envelope of the annual temperature variation (minimum observed temperature on the left and maximum on the right) and the temperature profile on 1 July for this section of the aquifer.

View larger version (114K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The two-dimensional distribution of the apparent thermal conductivity, (W m–1 K–1) for the glaciofluvial outwash sand and gravel aquifer as calculated using the Campbell et al. (1994) model.

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Simulated thermal plumes (left column) and corresponding temperature differences (right column) at 10 d using various thermal conductivity distributions. The thermal plumes on the left are shown using (a) a 10% decrease in the observed field, (b) the observed field, and (c) a 10% increase in the observed field. The corresponding temperature differences on the right were obtained by subtracting the plume temperatures simulated in the heterogeneous fields (a, b, and c) from plume temperatures simulated using equivalent mean thermal conductivity fields in the saturated and unsaturated zones of (d) 2.16 and 1.57 W m–1 K–1, (e) 2.40 and 1.73 W m–1 K–1, (f) and 2.64 and 1.89 W m–1 K–1, respectively.