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Characterization of Soil Water Content Using Measured Visible and Near Infrared Spectra

Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Average visible and near infrared spectra recorded on soil samples of the single-field dataset for Groups 1 (0.0–0.025 kg kg–1), 5 (0.026–0.075 kg kg–1), 10 (0.076–0.125 kg kg–1), 15 (0.126–0.175 kg kg–1), 20 (0.176–0.225 kg kg–1), and 25 (0.226–0.275 kg kg–1) (a) before normalization, and (b) after normalization (normalization adopted before principal component analysis).

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Pretreatment steps of five arbitrarily selected soil visible and near infrared spectra considered before the partial least squares regression analysis: (a) raw spectra; (b) spectra reduction; (c) maximum normalization; (d) first derivative with the Savitzy–Golay method.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Principal component similarity maps determined for visible and near infrared spectra of the single-field dataset, showing Groups 1 (0.0–0.025 kg kg–1), 5 (0.026–0.075 kg kg–1), 10 (0.076–0.125 kg kg–1), 15 (0.126–0.175 kg kg–1), 20 (0.176–0.225 kg kg–1), and 25 (0.226–0.275 kg kg–1), and (b) spectral patterns SP1 and SP2 corresponding to the principal components PC1 and PC2, respectively.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Principal component similarity maps determined for visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectra of the multiple-field dataset, showing Groups 5 (0.0–0.060 kg kg–1), 10 (0.061–0.120 kg kg–1), 15 (0.121–0.180 kg kg–1), 20 (0.181–0.240 kg kg–1), and 25 (0.241–0.400 kg kg–1), and (b) spectral patterns SP1 and SP2 corresponding to the principal components PC1 and PC2, respectively.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Discriminant analysis similarity map determined by discriminant factors F1 and F2 for calibration set of the single-field soil samples, showing Groups 1 (0.0–0.025 kg kg–1), 5 (0.026–0.075 kg kg–1), 10 (0.076–0.125 kg kg–1), 15 (0.126–0.175 kg kg–1), 20 (0.176–0.225 kg kg–1), and 25 (0.226–0.275 kg kg–1).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Discriminant analysis similarity map determined by discriminant factors F1 and F2 for calibration set of the multiple-field soil samples, showing Groups 5 (0.0–0.060 kg kg–1), 10 (0.061–0.120 kg kg–1), 15 (0.121–0.180 kg kg–1), 20 (0.181–0.240 kg kg–1), and 25 (0.241–0.400 kg kg–1).